Abstract: This is an essay in the field of mining environmental engineering. In order to evaluate the influence of economic plant planting in the mining area on the rhizosphere soil biological community characteristics and physicochemical properties, 7 typical forest medicine economic plants such as Fallopiamultiflora, Puerarialobata, and 7 typical forest grasses such as Perennial ryegrassand Pennisetum were selected. Taking economic plants as the research object, the experiment of planting potted economic plants under forest was carried out. By measuring plant height, leaf area, aboveground/underground biomass and soil total phosphorus, total potassium, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and microbial community composition, richness, diversity and other indicators, To comprehensively study the effects of economic plant planting under forest on the characteristics and physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil. The results showed that planting Chinese herbal plants would increase microbial diversity, while planting forages would have a certain impact on the composition of microbial communities; planting Chinese herbal understory economic plants had a significant improvement in soil fertility, and the most obvious difference was the control. The total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, and organic matter in the group increased by 300.0%, 118.5%, and 825.3%, respectively; planting forages had no obvious effect on soil fertility. The research in this paper shows that planting understory economic plants will have a certain impact on the soil biome and improve soil fertility to a certain extent.